Installation of submarine piles
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نصب لوله های زیر آبی - Installation of submarine piles
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This chapter will address the installation of submarine pipelines used for the transmission of petroleum products, gas, water, slurries, and effluents with occasional lines running 1800 mm (72 in.). Diameters of pipe worldwide are often expressed ininches, even though all other units are metric; this is due to their historical tie to the U.S. oil industry.The steel for these lines is usually of relatively high yield strength, 350 to 500 MPa (50,000 to 70,000 psi),and is selected for weldability. Wall thickness will normally run from 6 to 35 mm (0.25 to 1.5 in.), withthe upper limit again being constrained by weldability
Almost all steel pipelines have been joined by full-penetration welds, especially in the petroleumindustry, where pressures typically run 1500 psi (10 MPa) and leakage of oil or gas is unacceptable.Consideration is being given, however, to the use of mechanical joints, for example, joints similar to
those used with well casing. Developmental work continues on explosively and hydraulically expandedconnections. In a few cases, flanged connections are used, but these are for lower pressures.Since most submarine pipelines < >are installed empty, they are subjected during installation to high