offshore Introduction

offshore Introduction - معرفی فرا ساحل (سکو)

معرفی اجمالی و اولیه فراساحل و سکو های دریایی

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0.1    General
 The oceans are the dominant features of Earth, comprising more than two thirds of its surface, stabilizing its temperature so that life as we know it can exist, providing the water vapor which later falls as rain on the continental “islands,” the original source of life and the ultimate collector or sink of all surficial matter,  including waste. Oceans have been both a barrier and a conduit over which people and goods have moved with relative ease, spreading culture while garnering Earth’s remote resources.  Yet  the  ocean  is  fiercely  inhospitable,  making  us  dependent  on  land  bases  for  support.  Storm  waves  have  destroyed  even  the  largest  vessels,  as  well  as  the  puny  attempts  of  humans  to  protect  the  coastline  from the oceans’ attack. The northernmost ocean, the Arctic, is almost completely covered with perpetual  sea  ice,  while  the  southern,  the  Antarctic,  carries  with  it  huge  tabular  icebergs  that  stretch  beyond  the  horizon.  Opportunity  and  challenge,  safety  and  terror,  wealth  and  destruction:  these  are  the  paradoxes  of  the  seas.  Since  before  recorded  history,  oceans  have  been  used  for  transport,  for  food,  for  conquest,  and  for  waste disposal. The Phoenicians sailed as far as Norway to the North and Capetown to the South, perhaps  even on to South America; the Polynesians crossed the Pacific to where they sighted the great wall of the  Andes, which to them marked the “end of the world,” and to Japan and Indonesia; and navigators from  Kerala reached Africa and Indonesia, completing early man’s circumnavigation of the globe.   Much later  came  the  Arabian  sailors  whose  sea  empire  extended  from  West  Africa  to  the  Philippines;  the  Vikings,  who sailed to Venice and Canada; and eventually the Western European navigators of the Age of Explo-  ration,  who  challenged  the  utmost  corners  of  the  globe,  including  both  the  Arctic  and  the  Antarctic
Today, more than 30,000 ships ply the trade routes of the world