offshore Introduction - معرفی فرا ساحل (سکو)
معرفی اجمالی و اولیه فراساحل و سکو های دریایی
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0.1 General
The oceans are the dominant features of Earth, comprising more than two thirds of its surface, stabilizing its temperature so that life as we know it can exist, providing the water vapor which later falls as rain on the continental “islands,” the original source of life and the ultimate collector or sink of all surficial matter, including waste. Oceans have been both a barrier and a conduit over which people and goods have moved with relative ease, spreading culture while garnering Earth’s remote resources. Yet the ocean is fiercely inhospitable, making us dependent on land bases for support. Storm waves have destroyed even the largest vessels, as well as the puny attempts of humans to protect the coastline from the oceans’ attack. The northernmost ocean, the Arctic, is almost completely covered with perpetual sea ice, while the southern, the Antarctic, carries with it huge tabular icebergs that stretch beyond the horizon. Opportunity and challenge, safety and terror, wealth and destruction: these are the paradoxes of the seas. Since before recorded history, oceans have been used for transport, for food, for conquest, and for waste disposal. The Phoenicians sailed as far as Norway to the North and Capetown to the South, perhaps even on to South America; the Polynesians crossed the Pacific to where they sighted the great wall of the Andes, which to them marked the “end of the world,” and to Japan and Indonesia; and navigators from Kerala reached Africa and Indonesia, completing early man’s circumnavigation of the globe. Much later came the Arabian sailors whose sea empire extended from West Africa to the Philippines; the Vikings, who sailed to Venice and Canada; and eventually the Western European navigators of the Age of Explo- ration, who challenged the utmost corners of the globe, including both the Arctic and the Antarctic
Today, more than 30,000 ships ply the trade routes of the world
برچسب ها: فراساحل ، سکو ، معرفی فراساحل