Marine and Offshore construction equipment

Marine and Offshore construction equipment - ساخت تجهیزات دریایی و فراساحل

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The demands of the marine working environment, coupled with the demand for large-scale structures, have led to the development of a great many types of specialized and advanced construction equipment. Indeed,  the  response  of  equipment  manufacturers  and  constructors  has  been  rapid  and  effective.  The
availability of construction equipment of greater capabilities has in turn played a major role in altering construction methods and in making technically feasible and economically justifiable complex structures in  extremely  demanding  environments.  These  developments  will  continue  as  industrial  development, principally  the  offshore   etroleum  industry,  military  requirements,  and  maritime  commerce,  continue their current rate of growth.  The  major  construction  equipment  has  been  designed  to  work  in  and  under  the  sea  and  hence  has  drawn heavily on naval architecture to ensure serviceability and stability as well as limited and predictable  motion response under the prevailing marine and offshore conditions. This extension from conventional  barges and ships, directed primarily for transport, to construction, drilling, and dredging operations has  in  turn  forced  the  naval  architectural  profession  to  develop  a  methodology  adaptable  to  a  wide  variety  of  configurations  and  dynamic  forces.  While  transport  hurricanes  and  icebreakers  follow  open  leads  in  the pack ice, fixed structures must survive the full brunt of such environmental extremes.  Life safety must be paramount in offshore operations. The nature of the work is inherently demanding  and dangerous. The equipment must be designed not only for serviceability but also for safe operations.       Marine and especially offshore equipment is very expensive: each hour has a high value in ownership  or rental, plus high operating costs. Therefore, the equipment must be designed with reliability and redun-  dancy. As a general rule, it should be capable of efficient operations in 70% or more of the days in the working  season. Construction engineers must understand the capabilities and limitations of the equipment they use.  They must be alert to detect early signs of problems before they develop to catastrophic proportions. Thus  a  full  understanding  of  equipment  performance  is  essential.  In  subsequent  subsections  of  this  chapter,  principal generic types of marine and offshore construction equipment will be discussed