Coastal Structures ( سازه های ساحلی )

Coastal Structures ( سازه های ساحلی )

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Coastal structures are characterized by a turbulent surf zone, local longshore currents, and “riptides,”
the latter being outward escaping water. They are shallow, preventing or at least limiting the use of floating
equipment. The soils are typically unstable deposits of sand and gravel, which may be seasonal in nature,
piling up a beach in summer and migrating to form an offshore bar in winter. In some cases, structures
are built on steep rocky shores
Access is a primary problem for equipment, personnel, and materials. Steel pile trestles are often built
through the surf zone in order to provide access from above the waves. Trenching or excavation in the
beach sands usually requires the building of steel sheet pile walls to keep the sand out. The beach sands
move parallel to the beach under the action of the prevailing longshore current and, when sheet pile
walls are built normal to the beach line, sand will build up on the upstream side and erode downstream.
The waves typically refract around in the shallow water to break more or less normal to the beach
line. They also refract laterally from a natural or man-made trench to concentrate their energy along the
sides. The sands, being loosely deposited, although subject to densification under the pounding of the
waves, are subject to liquefaction when their pore pressure builds up, as it may from the continued
vibration of sheet piles in the breaking surf. Large stones and structures may similarly cause the sands
beneath to liquefy locally due to their continued rocking. All of these actions are, of course, intensified
during storms